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"California Dreamin'" is a song by The Mamas & the Papas, first released in 1965. The song is #89 in Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

History
According to John Phillips in a Bravo documentary, and Michelle in an NPR piece, the song was written in 1963 while they were living in New York. He dreamed about the song and woke her up to help him write. She had stopped in St. Patrick's a few days earlier, which led to the second verse. At the time, the Phillipses were members of the folk group The New Journeymen which evolved into The Mamas and the Papas.

They earned their first record contract after being introduced to Lou Adler, the head of Dunhill Records, by the singer Barry McGuire. In thanks to Adler, they sang the backing vocals to "California Dreamin'" on McGuire's album This Precious Time. The Mamas and the Papas then recorded their own version. The single was released in late 1965 but it was not an immediate breakthrough. After gaining little attention in Los Angeles upon its release, Michelle Phillips remembers that it took a radio station in Boston to break the song nationwide. By early 1966, the song peaked at # 4 and it stayed on the charts for 17 weeks. McGuire later claimed that you can hear his vocals in the background on the record.

Naval Academy Myth
There has been a long standing myth that "California Dreamin'" was written to express John Phillips' experience at the United States Naval Academy. Midshipmen call the Winter period at the Academy the "Dark Ages," owing to both the short hours of daylight but also the extra burden of final exams added to an already strenuous workload. It was believed that the song was, in essence, a day in the life of Phillips during these Dark Ages thinking and dreaming of a warmer climate even though he is bound to stay, at least for a little while. The environment painted by the song accurately depicts the layout of the USNA, which includes a cathedral (the church mentioned in the song) and a central park area (the path with brown leaves mentioned in the song).

Cover versions
Due to the enduring popularity of this song, it has been covered numerous times. Some high-profile artists who have covered this song include The Beach Boys (two versions), The Carpenters, The Four Tops, Queen Latifah and John Phillips without the Mamas & the Papas.

Significant artistic and commercial uses

Movies and television
The song was used extensively and as a leitmotif in the Hong Kong movie Chungking Express (1994) by Wong Kar-Wai, and is often referred to as the theme song to that film.
The small 1979 movie California Dreaming used the song for its soundtrack very effectively at the dramatic highlight of the film; however, the song was replaced for the VHS release, presumably due to royalty concerns.
Congo
The song is in the soundtrack for the independent action film Quiet Cool.
Forrest Gump
2006 remake of The Hills Have Eyes
An episode of Jackass.
First episode of the 1996 Korean television drama Papa, when Han In-pyo (played by Jeong Chan) jumped about on his own bed mindlessly.
Was the theme song for the 2001 Japanese drama Yume no California (California Dreams).
The song is included in the soundtrack of the Argentine movie "Tango Feroz" about the life of rocker Tanguito.
A 'tribute' to the song was done by Matt Berry in the cult show Snuff Box, with lookalikes of the band (and Matt).
Played as an intro theme to TV coverage of the 1974 World Series, the first all-California-teams Fall Classic.
Played as soundtrack and motif in California Dreamin' by Cristian Nemescu (2007).
Saturday Night Live spoofed the song once.
Performed by Bruce Lee's daughter, Shannon, in Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story (1993)
Sung in the second episode of the third series of The Two Ronnies.
Briefly played in an episode of The Critic when Jay leaves New York City for Los Angeles.
Briefly in an episode of the TV-Show Californication (original version in 1st episode of 2nd season and Shaw Blades cover in last)
A remixed version is featured in the film The Big Tease
Played by the protagonist several times in the film He Died with a Felafel in His Hand. The original version is played during the final credits.
The song features prominently in the Australian movie He Died with a Felafel in His Hand (2001), where Noah Taylor tries to master its guitar chords.
An Italian version is played in the Gianni Amelio film The Stolen Children.
The song is on the soundtrack of the 1980 film The Hollywood Knights by Floyd Mutrux.

Video games
This song is part of the soundtrack of the FPS Men of Valor.
BeautifulDay, a video game music composer in O2Jam has a remix available in the game.
It is in the game Karaoke Revolution Volume 3.
It is also in the game SingStar Vol. 2 on PS3.

Other
The Beach Boys' rendition of the song is mentioned to be playing in a jukebox in the Dead Milkmen's song "Punk Rock Girl."
Is played amongst other California-themed songs in the Golden State section of Disney's California Adventure theme park.
The name of California Screamin' at Disney's California Adventure is a play on the name of the song.
Australian band The Smallgoods make mention of the song in a track on their album Down On The Farm.
The song's title is used as the name of a sandwich sold at Deli counters at some Safeway supermarkets. It contains Turkey, bacon, avocado, and lettuce.
California Dreaming is the name of a restaurant chain in South Carolina and Georgia.
The song forms a large part of Current 93's collage album Dawn.
The song is played by a band in the 1993 movie "Dragon: A Bruce Lee Story" when Bruce Lee (starred by Jason Scott Lee) and his wife Linda go to a party in California.
The song inspired the name of the fictional band California Dreams, from the series of the same name.

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The theme song to the 1971 film Bless the Beasts and Children was performed by The Carpenters, and was featured on the B-side to their then-recent hit, "Superstar". The B-side charted on the Billboard Hot 100, eventually topping out at #67. In order to promote it, The Carpenters performed it on their television series, Make Your Own Kind Of Music as "F" for "Film Music".

The original soundtrack included two different versions of "Bless The Beasts And Children", the other being an orchestral instrumental arrangement by composers Barry DeVorzon and Perry Botkin, Jr., and the original "Nadia's Theme", which was listed as "Cotton's Dream". "Cotton's Dream" was also used as the theme song to the 1973 soap opera, "The Young and the Restless".

The song was originally released on the original soundtrack, and a slightly different version was released on the Carpenters' 1972 LP, A Song for You on June 13, 1972[6]. The original soundtrack had a vibraphone playing the melody in the introduction, while the "A Song for You" version, released on the single, contained an oboe stating the melody. The two versions (soundtrack and album versions) faded out toward the end, but in 1985, Richard Carpenter re-mixed the song so it does not fade out in the end. He also added a harder bass-line.

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"Beechwood 4-5789" is a 1962 single released by Motown girl group The Marvelettes on the Tamla label.

Written by Marvin Gaye, William "Mickey" Stevenson and Berry Gordy, the lyrics are about the narrator wanting a man she just met to call her number in order to "have a date, any ol' time."

An early Motown signature, the song was led by Marvelettes co-lead singer Gladys Horton, who sang lead on the group's groundbreaking 1961 smash, "Please Mr. Postman." The song reached number 17 on the pop singles chart almost repeating the success of "Postman."

In 1981, Karen and Richard Carpenter recorded it for their album Made in America. They then released it as a single in 1982 and did a music video in a 1950s-style diner.

Exchange names were abandoned later, and it's interesting to observe this number would have become 234-5789.

Credits

The Marvelettes version
Lead vocals by Gladys Horton
Background vocals by Wanda Young, Georgeanna Tillman, Wyanetta ("Juanita") Cowart, and Katherine Anderson
Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers

The Carpenters version
Vocals by Karen Carpenter and Richard Carpenter

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"All You Get from Love Is a Love Song" is a song composed by Steve Eaton. It was popularized by the Carpenters in 1977. It was released to the public on May 2, 1977. Its B-side was "I Have You", a song released on the A Kind of Hush album in 1976.

Music Video
The music video to "All You Get from Love Is a Love Song" takes place in the A&M Studios. It starts off with the bongo drum and fades into a camera angle zooming towards Karen Carpenter. After the music video is done, it fades out into the Carpenters' Hollywood Walk of Fame Star, which is the beginning to the video "Top of the World", performed on "The Carpenters' Very First TV Special" in 1976. It can be found on the DVD Gold: Greatest Hits. Tenor saxophone solo was performed by Tom Scott (tenor sax soloist on "Jazz Man" - Carol King), who was then one of the hottest "session players" of the 70's.

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Dehydration is best avoided by drinking plenty of water. The greater the amount of water lost through perspiration, the more water must be consumed to replace it and avoid dehydration. Since the body cannot tolerate large deficits or excesses in total body water, consumption of water must be roughly concurrent with the loss (in other words, if one is perspiring, one should also be drinking water frequently). Drinking water beyond the needs of the body entails little risk when done in moderation, since the kidneys will efficiently remove any excess water through the urine with a large margin of safety.

A person's body, during an average day in a temperate climate such as the United Kingdom, loses approximately 2.5 litres of water. This can be through the lungs as water vapor, through the skin as sweat, or through the kidneys as urine. Some water (a less significant amount, in the absence of diarrhea) is also lost through the bowels. In warm or humid weather or during heavy exertion, however, the water loss can increase by an order of magnitude or more through perspiration; all of which must be promptly replaced. In extreme cases, the losses may be great enough to exceed the body's ability to absorb water from the gastrointestinal tract; in these cases, it is not possible to drink enough water to stay hydrated, and the only way to avoid dehydration is to reduce perspiration (through rest, a move to a cooler environment, etc.).

A useful rule of thumb for avoiding dehydration in hot or humid environments or during strenuous activity involves monitoring the frequency and character of urination. If one develops a full bladder at least every 3-5 hours and the urine is only lightly colored or colorless, chances are that dehydration is not occurring; if urine is deeply colored, or urination occurs only after many hours or not at all, water intake may not be adequate to maintain proper hydration.

When large amounts of water are being lost through perspiration and concurrently replaced by drinking, maintaining proper electrolyte balance becomes an issue. Drinking fluids that are hypertonic or hypotonic with respect to perspiration may have grave consequences (hyponatremia or hypernatremia, principally) as the total volume of water turnover increases.

If water is being lost through abnormal mechanisms such as vomiting or diarrhea, an imbalance can develop very quickly into a medical emergency. In fact, the main mechanisms through which diseases such as infantile diarrhea and cholera kill their victims are dehydration and loss of electrolytes.

During sports events such as marathons, water stops and water breaks are provided to avoid dehydration of athletes.

Dehydration


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The best treatment for minor dehydration is drinking water and stopping fluid loss. Water is preferable to sport drinks and other commercially-sold rehydration fluids, as the balance of electrolytes they provide may not match the replacement requirements of the individual. To stop fluid loss from vomiting and diarrhea, avoid solid foods and drink only clear liquids. In some cases, eating of salted foods may have a positive impact on the person. However, eating salted foods should come with more intake of a clear liquid. It is wise to slowly drink liquids when dehydrated.

In more severe cases, correction of a dehydrated state is accomplished by the replenishment of necessary water and electrolytes (rehydration, through oral rehydration therapy or intravenous therapy). Even in the case of serious lack of fresh water (e.g., at sea or in a desert), drinking seawater or urine does not help, nor does the consumption of alcohol. It is often thought that the sudden influx of salt into the body from seawater will cause the cells to dehydrate and the kidneys to overload and shut down but it has been calculated that an average adult can drink up to 0.2 liters of seawater per day before the kidneys start to fail.

When dehydrated, unnecessary sweating should be avoided, as it wastes water. If there is only dry food, it is better not to eat, as water is necessary for digestion. For severe cases of dehydration where fainting, unconsciousness, or other severely inhibiting symptom is present (the patient is incapable of standing or thinking clearly), emergency attention is required. Fluids containing a proper balance of replacement electrolytes are given orally or intravenously with continuing assessment of electrolyte status; complete resolution is the norm in all but the most extreme cases.

Dehydration


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Symptoms may include headaches similar to what is experienced during a hangover, muscle cramps, a sudden episode of visual snow, decreased blood pressure (hypotension), and dizziness or fainting when standing up due to orthostatic hypotension. Untreated dehydration generally results in delirium, unconsciousness, swelling of the tongue and in extreme cases death.

Dehydration symptoms generally become noticeable after 2% of one's normal water volume has been lost. Initially, one experiences thirst and discomfort, possibly along with loss of appetite and dry skin. This can be followed by constipation. Athletes may suffer a loss of performance of up to 30%, and experience flushing, low endurance, rapid heart rates, elevated body temperatures, and rapid onset of fatigue.

Symptoms of mild dehydration include thirst, decreased urine volume, abnormally dark urine, unexplained tiredness, irritability, lack of tears when crying, headache, dry mouth, dizziness when standing due to orthostatic hypotension, and in some cases can cause insomnia.

In moderate to severe dehydration, there may be no urine output at all. Other symptoms in these states include lethargy or extreme sleepiness, seizures, sunken fontanel (soft spot) in infants, fainting, and sunken eyes.

The symptoms become increasingly severe with greater water loss. One's heart and respiration rates begin to increase to compensate for decreased plasma volume and blood pressure, while body temperature may rise because of decreased sweating. Around 5% to 6% water loss, one may become groggy or sleepy, experience headaches or nausea, and may feel tingling in one's limbs (paresthesia). With 10% to 15% fluid loss, muscles may become spastic, skin may shrivel and wrinkle, vision may dim, urination will be greatly reduced and may become painful, and delirium may begin. Losses greater than 15% are usually fatal.

In people over age 50, the body’s thirst sensation diminishes and continues diminishing with age. Many senior citizens suffer symptoms of dehydration. Dehydration along with hyperthermia results in seniors dying during extreme hot weather.

Dehydration is the excessive loss of water from the body. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can lead to dehydration in various ways. Often, dehydration becomes the major problem in an otherwise self-limited illness. Fluid loss may even be severe enough to become life-threatening.

Dehydration

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In humans, dehydration can be caused by a wide range of diseases and states that impair water homeostasis in the body. These include:

External or stress-related causes
Prolonged physical activity without consuming adequate water, especially in a hot and/or humid environment
Prolonged exposure to dry air, e.g. in high-flying airplanes (5-15% relative humidity)
Survival situations, especially desert conditions
Blood loss or hypotension due to physical trauma
Diarrhoea
Hyperthermia
Shock (hypovolemic)
Vomiting
Burns
Lacrimation
Use of Methamphetamine, Amphetamine and other stimulants.
Drinking of Alcohol.
Infectious diseases
Cholera
Gastroenteritis
Shigellosis
Yellow fever
Malnutrition
Electrolyte disturbance
Hypernatremia (also caused by dehydration)
Hyponatremia, especially from restricted salt diets
Fasting
Recent rapid weight loss may reflect progressive depletion of fluid volume (the loss of 1 L of fluid results in a weight loss of 1 kg or 2.2 lb).
Patient refusal of nutrition and hydration
Other causes of obligate water loss
Severe hyperglycemia, especially in Diabetes mellitus
Glycosuria

Dehydration


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Dehydration (hypohydration) is the removal of water (hydro in ancient Greek) from an object. In physiological terms, it entails a relative deficiency of water molecules in relation to other dissolved solutes. Dehydration, thus, is slightly different from hypovolemia, which defines water deficiency only in terms of overall volume rather than in terms of solute concentrations.

Dehydration


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Adults and children with dehydration who are not vomiting can be allowed to drink these solutions in addition to their normal diet. People who are vomiting should be fed small frequent amounts of ORS solution until dehydration is resolved. Once they are rehydrated, they may resume eating normal foods when nausea passes.

Vomiting itself does not mean that oral rehydration cannot be given. As long as more fluid enters than exits, rehydration will be accomplished. It is only when the volume of fluid and electrolyte loss in vomit and stool exceeds what is taken in that dehydration will continue.


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There are several commercially available products but an inexpensive home-made solution consists of 8 level teaspoons of table sugar (sucrose) and 1 level teaspoon of table salt mixed in 1 liter of boiled water (Rehydration Project: Home made recipe). Fructose (fruit sugar) or artificial sweeteners should not be substituted for the table sugar in this recipe. A half cup of orange juice or half of a mashed banana can be added to each liter both to add potassium and to improve taste. This recipe is preferable to sports drinks which are formulated to rehydrate healthy individuals and so contain too much sugar and too little electrolytes for this purpose.

The online Merck Manual lists a recipe of "1 L of water to 3.5 g NaCl [salt], 2.9 g trisodium citrate (or 2.5 g NaHCO3 [Baking soda]), 1.5 g KCl [Salt substitute, Potassium chloride], and 20 g glucose".


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UNICEF and the WHO jointly maintain the official guidelines for the contents of reduced osmolarity ORS packets. These guidelines are used by manufacturers of commercial ORT packets that are available for purchase and were last updated in 2006.

A 1-liter preparation of ORT solution contains:

sodium chloride (NaCl) - 2.6g
trisodium citrate dehydrate - 2.9g
potassium chloride (KCl) - 1.5g
anhydrous glucose - 13.5g
There is an additional recommendation of zinc supplementation for the management of diarrheal disease in addition to ORT, particularly for pediatric patients. Preparations are available as a zinc sulfate solution for adults, a modified solution for children, and also a tablet form for children.

Although magnesium is a common ingredient in commercial electrolyte solutions, it is not part of the UNICEF/WHO guidelines for ORT. Severe diarrhea causes an isotonic loss of fluid from the body's extracellular compartment. Because very little magnesium is in this compartment, very little is lost in diarrhea and there is no need to replace it.

Oral rehydration therapy


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Prescriptions from the ancient physician Sushruta date back over 2500 years with treatment of acute diarrhea with rice water, coconut juice, and carrot soup. However, this knowledge did not carry over to the Western world, as dehydration was found to be the major cause of death secondary to the 1829 cholera pandemic in Russia and Western Europe. In 1831, William O'Shaughnessy noted the loss of water and salt in the stool of cholera patients and prescribed intravenous fluid therapy to compensate. The results were remarkable, as patients who were on the brink of death from dehydration recovered. The mortality rate of cholera dropped from 70% to 40% with the use of hypertonic IV solutions.

One of the pioneer researcher in Oral Rehydration Therapy was Hemendra Nath Chatterjee a Bengali scientist from West Bengal, India. Chatterjee started research on blood of Cholera patient in 1946. In 1951 he discovered that in Bengal villages small epidemic of cholera is is treated by raw leaf juice of a common plant of Bengal called pathorchur(Coleus aromaticus).In 1953 he first formulated and demonstrated the effectiveness of ORS (Orally Rehydrated Saline) for diarrhea management. His paper regarding this finding was published in Lancet at November 1953. In that paper he states that Avomin can stop vomiting during cholera and then oral rehydration is possible. The formulation of the fluid replacement solution was 4 gm of sodium chloride, 25 gm of glucose and 1000 ml of water . In 1950s, by experimenting on rats and guinea pigs, physiologists discovered that sodium and glucose were transported together across the gastrointestinal epithelium. Using histological analysis and isotope studies, it was shown that the intestinal mucosa was not disrupted in cholera, as previously thought. These findings were confirmed in human experiments, where it was shown that glucose-containing ORT significantly decreased the necessity for IV fluids by 70-80%. These studies showed similar result as Chatterjee and provided a physiological basis for the use of ORT in clinical medicine..

In 2002, Drs. Norbert Hirschhorn, Dilip Mahalanabis, David R. Nalin, and Nathaniel F. Pierce were awarded the first Pollin Prize for Pediatric Research, in recognition of their work in developing ORT. In May 2001, the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh received the first Gates Award for Global Health in recognition of its role in developing Oral Rehydration Solution. In 2007, three former ICDDR,B scientists, Dr. Richard Alan Cash, Dr. Dilip Mahalanabis and Dr. David R. Nalin, were also individually honoured for their efforts in testing and implementing ORS, sharing the 2006 Prince Mahidol Award for public health, which is presented annually for outstanding contributions in public health and medicine. In addition to the award for public health, a separate award for medicine was also presented to Professor Stanley George Schultz in recognition of his research on sodium absorption, which provided an important basis for the discovery of ORS. Unfortunately Chatterjee did not get due credit as inventor[9] of ORS. Medical history (Medical History, 1994, 38: 363-397) explained it as follows:

It is generally agreed that racism or the lack of a “scientific” rationale prevented the widespread adoption of his (hemendra’s) work”

In 1978 the World Health Organization launched a worldwide campaign to reduce mortality related to diarrhea, with ORT as one of the principal elements of that program.

Between 1980 and 2000, ORT decreased the number of children under five dying of diarrhea from 4.6 million worldwide to 1.8 million - a 60% reduction. According to The Lancet (1978), ORT is "potentially the most important medical discovery of the 20th century". Despite the success and effectiveness of ORT, uptake of ORT has slowed, which may result in a decline in the progress on mortality rates from diarrheal disease unless swift action is taken to increase uptake of ORT.

Today, the world production of ORS sachets is around 500 million sachets per year. The children's rights agency UNICEF distributes them to families with children in around 60 developing countries. ORT represents a cheap and effective way of reducing the millions of deaths caused each year by diarrhea. ORT is part of "GOBI", a low cost program to increase child survival in developing countries, including Growth monitoring, ORT, Breastfeeding, and Immunization.

Oral rehydration therapy


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Oral rehydration therapy, (also ORT, oral rehydration salts or solutions (ORS), oral electrolyte), is a simple, cheap, and effective treatment for dehydration associated with diarrhea, particularly gastroenteritis, such as that caused by cholera or rotavirus. ORT consists of a solution of salts and sugars which is administered orally. It is used around the world, but is most important in the developing world, where it saves millions of children from death due to diarrhea-the second leading cause of death in children under five.


Nurses encouraging a patient to drink an Oral Rehydration Solution to combat dehydration caused by cholera.

Oral rehydration therapy


Recommendation of ORS

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